Norwegian black metal III



The Fantoft stave church
Church Arrson and attempts:
In 1992, members of the Norwegian black metal scene began a wave of arson attacks on Christian churches. By 1996, there had been at least 50 attacks in Norway;[1][26] in every case that was solved, those responsible were blackmetalers.[56] Some of the buildings were hundreds of years old and seen as important historical landmarks. The first was Norway's Fantoft stave church, which was burnt to the ground in June 1992. Police believe Varg Vikernes of Burzum was responsible.[1] The cover of Burzum's EP Aske ("ashes") is a photograph of the destroyed church. On 16 May 1994,[57] Vikernes was found guilty for burning down Holmenkollen Chapel, Skjold Church and Åsane Church.[5][58] In addition, he was found guilty for the murder of Mayhem guitarist Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth, an attempted arson of a fourth church, and for the theft and storage of 150 kg of explosives.

To coincide with the release of Mayhem's De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, Vikernes and Euronymous had allegedly plotted to bomb Nidaros Cathedral, which appears on the album cover.[8] The musicians Samoth,[59] Faust[60] and Jørn Inge Tunsberg[1] were also convicted for church arsons. Those convicted for church burnings showed no remorse and described their actions as a symbolic "retaliation" against Christianity in Norway.[61] Mayhem drummer Hellhammer said he had called for attacks on mosques and Hindu temples, on the basis that they were more foreign.[62] Today, opinions on the church burnings differ within the black metal community. Many, such as Infernus and Gaahl of Gorgoroth have praised the church burnings, with the latter saying "there should have been more of them, and there will be more of them".[15] Others, such as Necrobutcher and Kjetil Manheim of Mayhem, see the church burnings as having been futile, with the latter claiming that many arsons were "just people trying to gain acceptance" within the black metal scene.[8]

The following is a partial list of the church arsons:

1992:

May 23: attempted burning of Storetveit Church in Bergen[63]
Jun 6: burning of Fantoft stave church in Bergen[63] – Varg Vikernes is strongly suspected as the culprit, but was not convicted.[63]
Aug 1: burning of Revheim Church in Stavanger[63]
Aug 21: burning of Holmenkollen Chapel in Oslo[63] – Varg Vikernes and Faust were convicted for this; Euronymous also participated, but was murdered in August 1993.[5][8][64]
Sep 1: burning of Ormøya Church in Oslo[63]
Sep 13: burning of Skjold Church in Vindafjord[63] – Varg Vikernes and Samoth were convicted for this.
Oct 3: burning of Hauketo Church in Oslo.[61]
Dec 24: burning of Åsane Church in Bergen[1] – Varg Vikernes and Jørn Inge Tunsberg were convicted for this.[1]
Dec 25: burning of a Methodist church in Sarpsborg[1] – a firefighter was killed while fighting this fire.[1]
1993:

Feb 7: burning of Lundby New Church in Gothenburg, Sweden[65]
1994:

Mar 13: burning of a church in Sund[66]
Mar 27: burning of Seegård Church in Snertingdal[66]
May 16: attempted burning of Gol stave church in Buskerud[66]
May 17: attempted burning of Åmodt Chapel in Buskerud[66]
Jun 4: burning of Frogn Church in Drøbak[66]
Jun 19: attempted burning of Heni Church in Gjerdrum[66]
Jul 7: burning of a church in Jeløy[66]
Jul 21: attempted burning of Odda's Church[66]
Aug 13: attempted burning of Loop Chapel in Meldal[66]
Dec 10: attempted burning of Åkra Church[66]
Dec 22: attempted burning of Askim Church[66]
Dec 26: attempted burning of Klemestrud Church[66]
1995:

May 13: burning of Lord Church in Telemark[67]
May 25: burning of Såner Church in Vestby[67]
Jun 14: burning of Moe Church in Sandefjord[67]
Jul 21: attempted burning of a church college in Eidanger[67]
Sep 3: attempted burning of Vågsbygd church college in Oddernes[67]
Nov 3: burning of Innset Church in Rennebu

Murder of Magne Andreassen

On 21 August 1992, Bård 'Faust' Eithun killed Magne Andreassen, a gay man, in Lillehammer.[5][68] According to Faust, while walking home at night, a man propositioned him and Faust agreed to walk with him to the Olympic park.[69] Once in the woods, Faust stabbed Andreassen 37 times[70] and then kicked him in the head repeatedly as he lay on the ground.[71]

Faust claimed he felt no remorse at the time.[72] In the late 1990s, he said of the murder: "I was outside, just waiting to get out some aggression. It's not easy to describe why it happened. It was meant to happen, and if it was this man or another man, that's not really important".[72] Ihsahn, his bandmate in Emperor, said Faust "had been very fascinated by serial killers for a long time, and I guess he wanted to know what it's like to kill a person".[68] The media linked the murder to black metal, Satanism and fascism. In a 2008 interview Faust said: "I was never a Satanist or fascist in any way, but I put behind me the hatred and negativity. Those feelings just eat you up from inside".[73]

Police initially had no suspects, and Faust remained free for about a year.[70] However, he told Euronymous, Vikernes and a few others what he had done.[70] The day after the stabbing, he returned to Oslo and burnt down Holmenkollen Chapel with Vikernes and Euronymous. After Euronymous' murder in August 1993, Faust was arrested and confessed to Andreassen's murder. In 1994, he was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment, but was released in 2003.

Norwegian black metal IV

Bergens Tidende article

In January 1993, an article in one of Norway's biggest newspapers, Bergens Tidende (BT), brought the black metal scene into the media spotlight.[74] Two friends of Vikernes interviewed him and brought the interview to the newspaper, hoping they would print it.[74] In the anonymous interview, 'Count Grishnackh' (Vikernes) claimed to have burnt the churches and killed a man in Lillehammer.[74] BT journalist Finn Bjørn Tønder set up a meeting with 'Count Grishnackh'. The journalists were summoned to an apartment and, allegedly, warned they would be shot if the police were called.[74] There, Vikernes and his companions told the journalists that they had burnt the churches, or knew who had done it, and warned the attacks would continue. They claimed to be Devil worshippers and said: "Our intention is to spread fear and evil ... that is why we are telling this to Bergens Tidende".

They told the journalists details about the arsons that hadn't been released to the press and so BT spoke with the police before publishing it, who confirmed these details.[74] The article was published on 20 January as the front page of the BT. It was headlined "Vi tente på kirkene" ("we set the churches on fire") and included a photo of Vikernes, his face mostly hidden, holding two large knives. However, by the time the article was printed, Vikernes had already been arrested. The police allegedly found him by going to an address printed on a Burzum flyer,[74] although Vikernes believes that Tønder betrayed him.[75]

According to Vikernes, the anonymous interview was planned by himself and Euronymous with the goal of spreading fear, promoting black metal and getting more customers for Helvete.[76] Vikernes said of the interview: "I exaggerated a lot and when the journalist left we ... had a good laugh, because he didn't seem to understand that I was pulling his leg".[77] He added that the interview revealed nothing that could prove his involvement in any crime.[74] Vikernes claims that, after he was arrested, "the journalist edited the interview and ... published an insane version of it the following day, without even letting me read through it".[75] Some of the other scene members were also arrested and questioned, but all were released for lack of evidence.[74]

Euronymous decided to shut Helvete as it began to draw the attention of the police and media.[78] Vikernes condemned Euronymous for shutting the shop rather than taking advantage of the publicity: "by doing so he also made all my efforts more or less pointless. I spent six weeks in custody because of that".[79] Norwegian magazine Rock Furore published an interview with Vikernes in February 1993. In it, he said of the prison system: "It's much too nice here. It's not hell at all. In this country prisoners get a bed, toilet and shower. It's completely ridiculous. I asked the police to throw me in a real dungeon, and also encouraged them to use violence".[80] He was released in March for lack of evidence.[74]

Shortly after this episode, the Oslo police dispatched its Church Fire Group to Bergen, where they set up a makeshift headquarters in the Hotel Norge. According to Lords of Chaos, citing a police report, Vikernes knocked on their door and "virtually forced his way into the suite". He was "dressed in chain mail, carrying two large knives in his belt, and flanked by the two young men who apparently behaved as if they were his bodyguards or henchmen". Vikernes "stated that he was fed up with being harassed by the authorities, and that the police investigation into the Black Metal scene should be stopped". When police told him he had no right to issue orders, Vikernes "took one step back and raised his right arm in a Roman salute".

Murder of Euronymous
In early 1993, animosity arose between Euronymous and Vikernes.[65] On the night of 10 August 1993, Vikernes and Snorre 'Blackthorn' Ruch drove from Bergen to Euronymous's apartment in Oslo. When they arrived there was a confrontation and Vikernes stabbed Euronymous to death. His body was found outside the apartment with 23 cut wounds – two to the head, five to the neck, and sixteen to the back.[82]

It has been speculated that the murder was the result of a power struggle, a financial dispute over Burzum records, or an attempt at "outdoing" the stabbing in Lillehammer.[83] Vikernes denies this and claims he killed Euronymous in self-defense. He says Euronymous had plotted to stun him with an electroshock weapon, tie him up and torture him to death while filming the event, using a meeting about an unsigned contract to ambush him.[5][77] Vikernes claims he intended to hand Euronymous the signed contract that night and "tell him to **** off", but that Euronymous panicked and attacked him first.[77] The self-defense story is doubted by Faust[84] and other members of the scene.

Vikernes was arrested on 19 August 1993 and many other members of the scene were taken in for questioning around the same time.[78] Some confessed to their crimes and implicated others. In May 1994, Vikernes was sentenced to 21 years in prison (Norway's maximum penalty) for the murder of Euronymous, the arson of four churches, and for possession of 150 kg of explosives. Two churches were burnt the day he was sentenced, "presumably as a statement of symbolic support".[85] Blackthorn was sentenced to eight years in prison for being an accomplice to the murder.[85] That month saw the release of Mayhem's album De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, which features Euronymous on guitar and Vikernes on bass guitar.[3] Euronymous's family had asked Mayhem's drummer, Hellhammer, to remove the bass tracks recorded by Vikernes, but Hellhammer said: "I thought it was appropriate that the murderer and victim were on the same record".[3] Vikernes was released from prison in 2009.

Started listening to podcasts because of this thread. Good chit.

excellent that people are liking it I've spent hours lol quick list of good podcasts in case you missed it my favorite murder, sword and scale, true crime garage, case file, last podcast on the left, true murder and generation why

Thanks. Listened to some generation why this morning, and then some other stuff since I've never used podcasts before, but will add all those too the list as well

Thats only a partial / interpretive translation , the full quote is from a centuries old Hebrew text by philosopher Eyesrael Urass who wrote

" Taman Shud No beleaf Tasloot "

Norwegian black metal V

There was a strong rivalry between Norwegian black metal and Swedish death metal scenes. Fenriz and Tchort have noted that Norwegian black metal musicians had become "fed up with the whole death metal scene"[86] and that "death metal was very uncool in Oslo" at the time.[8] A number of times, Euronymous sent death threats to some of the more 'mainstream' death metal groups in Europe.[8] Allegedly, a group of Norwegian black metal fans even plotted to kidnap and murder certain Swedish death metal musicians.[8]

There was also rivalry between Norwegian and Finnish black metal bands. Impaled Nazarene printed "No orders from Norway accepted" and "Kuolema Norjan kusipäille!" ('Death to the arseholes of Norway!') on early pressings of their first album and innuendo and snarky comments were made in fanzines. Beherit's mainman 'Nuclear Holocausto' used the rivalry to play a series of telephone pranks on Mika Luttinen (of Impaled Nazarene) in which he would call him in the dead of the night playing nursery rhymes at high speed on a cassette recorder. At the time, Luttinen upheld that the messages were threats from Norwegian black metallers.[87] The Finnish band Black Crucifixion criticized the Norwegian band Darkthrone as "trendies" due to Darkthrone originally being a death metal band who later played black metal.
The following is a list of the original Norwegian artists that released black metal music in the scene during 1987–1993.

Band Formed From
Ancient 1992 Bergen
Arcturus 1991 Oslo
Burzum 1991 Bergen
Carpathian Forest (aka Enthrone) 1990 Sandnes, Rogaland
Darkthrone 1986 Kolbotn
Emperor 1991 Notodden, Telemark
Enslaved 1991 Haugesund, Rogaland
Fimbulwinter 1992 Oslo
Gehenna 1993 Stavanger, Rogaland
Gorgoroth 1992 Bergen
Hades/Hades Almighty 1992 Bergen
Ildjarn 1992 Bø, Telemark
Immortal 1991 Bergen
In the Woods... 1991 Kristiansand
Manes (aka Perifa) 1991 Trondheim
Mayhem 1984 Oslo
Satyricon 1991 Oslo
Strid (aka Malfeitor) 1991 Askim
Taake (as Thule) 1993 Bergen
Thorns (aka Stigma Diabolicum) 1989 Trondheim
Thou Shalt Suffer 1991 Notodden, Telemark
Tulus 1993 Oslo
Ulver 1993

Det svarte alvor (1994).
Satan rir Media (English: Satan Rides the Media) (1998).
Norsk Black Metal (2003), aired on Norwegian TV by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK).
Metal: A Headbanger's Journey (2005) touches on black metal in the early 1990s, and includes an extensive 25-minute feature on the DVD release.
Black Metal: A Documentary (2006), produced by Bill Zebub.
Murder Music: A History of Black Metal (2007).
Once Upon a Time in Norway (2007).
Pure ****ing Mayhem (2008).
Black Metal: The Norwegian Legacy (2008), produced by Bill Zebub.
Until the Light Takes Us (2009)[99]
Black Metal: The Music of Satan (2010), produced by Bill Zebub.
References



https://www.spreaker.com/episode/12770122

i use the apps Spreaker and podcast addict FYI lol

wow that's excellent to know thank you and thanks for reading Edit: lmfao that's ridiculous heuheu lmao

Will keep that in mind, I wanted to ask earlier but I couldn't find this thread. Think I ended up with podcast go, seems fine.I think that went over your head lol read it again

hahahahaaa lmfao now I see whoops !

[b]Black Dahlia I[/b]
[URL=https://postimages.org/][img]https://s26.postimg.org/9qwci5o95/IMG_2583.jpg[/img][/URL]

Elizabeth Short[a] (July 29, 1924 – c. January 15, 1947), known posthumously as "The Black Dahlia", was an American woman who was found murdered in the Leimert Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. Her case became highly publicized due to the graphic nature of the crime, which entailed her corpse having been mutilated and severed at the waist.
Born Elizabeth Short
July 29, 1924
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died c. January 15, 1947 (aged 22)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.[1]
Cause of death Cerebral hemorrhage resulting from homicidal violence[2]
Resting place Mountain View Cemetery, Oakland, California, U.S.
Occupation Waitress
Parent(s)
Cleo Short (father)
Phoebe Mae Sawyer (mother)

A native of Boston, Short had spent her early life in Massachusetts and Florida before relocating to California, where her father lived. It is commonly held that Short was an aspiring actress, though she had no known acting credits or jobs during her time in Los Angeles.[b] She would acquire the nickname of the Black Dahlia posthumously, as newspapers of the period often nicknamed particularly lurid crimes; the term may have originated from a film noir murder mystery, The Blue Dahlia, released in April 1946. After the January 15, 1947 discovery of her body, the Los Angeles Police Department began an extensive investigation that produced over 150 suspects, but yielded no arrests.

Short's murder and the details surrounding it have been the basis of numerous books and films, and it is frequently cited as one of the most famous unsolved murders in American history. It is also one of the oldest unsolved cases in the history of Los Angeles County,[1] and has been credited by historians as one of the first post-World War II murders to garner widespread national attention.[c]

Short was born in the Hyde Park section of Boston, Massachusetts, the third of five daughters of Cleo and Phoebe May (Sawyer) Short.[10][11] She grew up in Medford, a Boston suburb. Her father built miniature golf courses until the 1929 stock market crash, when he lost most of his money. In 1930, her father's car was found abandoned on the Charlestown Bridge.[12] As he disappeared and was not heard from for years,[13] many believed that he had committed suicide by jumping into the Charles River.[12] Phoebe moved her family into a small apartment in Medford and worked as a bookkeeper to support them. It was not until 1942 when she received a letter of apology from her husband that the family learned that he was alive and living in California.

[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/embed/_gM6NG2PN4Q[/youtube]

Black Dahlia II

At 10, she traveled to Vallejo, California, to live with her father, whom she had not seen since she was 6 years old.[15] He was working at the nearby Mare Island Naval Shipyard on San Francisco Bay. Troubled by asthma and bronchitis, Short underwent lung surgery at age 16, after which doctors suggested she relocate to a milder climate during the winter months. Her mother then sent her to spend winters in Miami, Florida, with family friends.[16] During the next three years, Short lived in Florida during the winter months and spent the rest of the year in Medford with her mother and sisters.

Early in 1943, Short relocated to Los Angeles with her father, and later took a job at the base exchange at Camp Cooke (now Vandenberg Air Force Base), near Lompoc, California.[17] She soon moved to Santa Barbara, where she was arrested on September 23, 1943 for underage drinking.[18] The juvenile authorities sent her back to Medford, but she returned instead to Florida, making only occasional visits to Massachusetts.

While in Florida, she met Major Matthew Michael Gordon, Jr., a decorated US Army Air Force officer at the 2d Air Commando Group. He was training for deployment to the China Burma India Theater of Operations of World War II. She told friends that he had written to propose marriage while he was recovering from injuries from a plane crash in India. She accepted his offer, but Gordon died in a second crash on August 10, 1945, less than a week before the Japanese surrender ended the war.[19]

She returned to Los Angeles in July 1946 to visit Army Air Force Lieutenant Joseph Gordon Fickling, whom she had known from Florida.[20] Fickling was stationed at the Naval Reserve Air Base in Long Beach. Short spent the last six months of her life in Southern California, mostly in the Los Angeles area; shortly before her death, Short had been working as a waitress, and rented a room behind the Florentine Gardens nightclub on Hollywood Boulevard.

Prior to murder Edit
On January 9, 1947, Short returned to Los Angeles after a brief trip to San Diego with Robert "Red" Manley, a 25-year-old married salesman she had been dating.[21] Manley stated he dropped Short off at the Biltmore Hotel, and that Short was to meet her sister, who was visiting from Boston, that afternoon.[21] By some accounts, staff of the Biltmore recalled having seen Short using the lobby telephone.[d] Shortly after, she was allegedly seen by patrons of the Crown Grill Cocktail Lounge.[21]

Discovery Edit
On the morning of January 15, 1947, Short's naked body was found in two pieces on a vacant lot on the west side of South Norton Avenue, midway between ****seum Street and West 39th Street (at 34.0164°N 118.333°W) in Leimert Park, Los Angeles. At the time, the neighborhood was largely undeveloped.[22] Local resident Betty Berlinger had discovered the body at about 10:00 a.m. while she was walking with her three-year-old daughter.[1][23] Bersinger initially thought she had found a discarded store mannequin.[1] When she realized it was a corpse, she rushed to a nearby house and telephoned the police.[1]

Short's severely-mutilated body was completely severed at the waist and drained entirely of blood.[24] The body obviously had been washed by the killer.[25] Her face had been slashed from the corners of her mouth to her ears, which created an effect, the Glasgow smile. Short had several cuts on her thigh and breasts, where entire portions of flesh had been sliced away.[1] The lower half of her body was positioned a foot away from the upper, and her intestines had been tucked neatly beneath her buttocks.[25] The corpse had been "posed," with her hands over her head, her elbows bent at right angles, and her legs spread apart.[1][13] Detectives found a cement sack nearby containing watery blood.[26] There was a heel print on the ground amid the tire tracks.[1]

Autopsy and identification Edit
An autopsy of the body stated that the subject was 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) tall, weighed 115 pounds (52 kg), and had light blue eyes, brown hair, and badly-decayed teeth.[27][e] There were ligature marks on her ankles, wrists, and neck. The skull was not fractured, but the victim had bruises on the front and right side of her scalp, with a small amount of bleeding in the subarachnoid space on the right side, consistent with blows to the head.[1] The cause of death was determined to be hemorrhaging from the lacerations to her face and the shock from blows on the head and face.[28]

Police were quickly able to identify the victim as Elizabeth Short after sending copies of her fingerprints to Washington, D.C., via Soundphoto, a primitive fax machine of the era; the prints matched those given by Short during her 1943 arrest.[29] Immediately following Short's identification, reporters from William Randolph Hearst's Los Angeles Examiner contacted her mother, Phoebe Short, in Boston, and told her that her daughter had won a beauty contest.[30][22] It was only after prying as much personal information as they could from Phoebe that the reporters revealed that her daughter had in fact been murdered.[22] The newspaper offered to pay her airfare and accommodations if she would travel to Los Angeles to help with the police investigation. That was yet another ploy since the newspaper kept her away from police and other reporters to protect its scoop.[31] The Examiner and another Hearst newspaper, the Los Angeles Herald-Express, later sensationalized the case, with one article from The Examiner describing the black tailored suit Short was last seen wearing as "a tight skirt and a sheer blouse."[32] The media nicknamed her as the "Black Dahlia"[33] and described her as an "adventuress" who "prowled Hollywood Boulevard." Additional newspaper reports, such as one published in the Los Angeles Times on January 17, deemed the murder a "sex fiend slaying."

Black Dahlia III



Police bulletin distributed by the Los Angeles Police Department, January 15, 1947 (courtesy of Federal Bureau of Investigation).

On January 21, 1947,[35] a person claiming to be Short's killer called James Richardson, the editor of the Los Angeles Examiner, congratulating Richardson on the newspaper's coverage of the case, and stated he planned on eventually turning himself in, but not before allowing police to pursue him further.[21] Additionally, the caller told Richardson to "expect some souvenirs of Beth Short in the mail."[21]

On January 24, a suspicious manila envelope was discovered by a U.S. Postal Service worker: The envelope had been addressed to "The Los Angeles Examiner and other Los Angeles papers" with individual words that had been cut-and-pasted from newspaper clippings; additionally, a large message on the face of the envelope read: "Here is Dahlia's belongings [,] letter to follow".[21] The envelope contained Short's birth certificate, business cards, photographs, names written on pieces of paper, and an address book with the name Mark Hansen embossed on the cover.[36] The packet had been carefully cleaned with gasoline, similarly to Short's body, which led police to suspect the packet had been sent directly by her killer.[37] Despite the efforts to clean the packet, several partial fingerprints were lifted from the envelope and sent to the Federal Bureau of Investigation for testing; however, the prints were compromised in transit and were thus unable to be properly analyzed.[38] The same day the packet was received by the Examiner, Short's handbag and one shoe were reported to have been seen on top of a garbage can in an alley a short distance from Norton Avenue, 2 miles (3.2 km) from where her body had been discovered. The items were recovered by police, but they had also been wiped clean with gasoline, destroying any fingerprints.[39]

Police quickly deemed Mark Hansen, the owner of the address book found in the packet, a suspect; he was an acquaintance at whose home Short had stayed with friends,[40] and he also confirmed that the purse and shoe discovered in the alley were in fact Short's.[21] Ann Toth, Short's friend and roommate, told investigators that Short had recently rejected sexual advances from Hansen, and suggested it as potential cause for him to kill her;[39] however, he was cleared of suspicion in the case.[41] In addition to Hansen, the Los Angeles Police Department interviewed over 150 men in the ensuing weeks whom they believed to be potential suspects.[42] Manley, who had been one of the last people to see Short alive, was also investigated, but was cleared of suspicion after passing numerous polygraph examinations.[39] A total of 750 investigators from the LAPD and other departments worked on the case during its initial stages.[38]

On January 26, another letter was received by the Examiner, this time handwritten, which read: "Here it is. Turning in Wed., Jan. 29, 10 am. Had my fun at police. Black Dahlia Avenger."[41] The letter also named a location at which the supposed killer would turn himself in. Police waited at the location on the morning of January 29, but the alleged killer did not appear.[41] Meanwhile, both local and national publications covered the story heavily, many of which reprinted sensationalistic reports suggesting that Short had been tortured for hours prior to her death; the information, however, was false, yet police allowed the reports to circulate so as to conceal Short's true cause of death—cerebral hemorrhage—from the public.[38] Further reports about Short's personal life were publicized, including details about her alleged declining of Hansen's romantic advances; additionally, a stripper who was an acquaintance of Short's told police that she "liked to get guys worked up over her, but she'd leave them hanging dry."[43] This led some reporters and detectives to look into the possibility that Short was a lesbian, and begin questioning employees and patrons of gay bars Los Angeles; this, however, remained unsubstantiated.[38] The Los Angeles Herald-Express also received several letters from the purported killer, again made with cut-and-pasted clippings; one read: "I will give up on Dahlia killing if I get 10 years. Don't try to find me", while another claimed that her killing was "justified."[44]

On February 1, the Los Angeles Daily News reported that the case had "run into a Stone Wall," with no new leads for investigators to pursue.[38] When interviewed, lead investigator Captain Jack Donahue told the press that he believed Short's murder had taken place in a remote building or shack on the outskirts of Los Angeles, and her body transported into the city where it was disposed of.[45] Based on the precise cuts and dissection of Short's corpse, the LAPD looked into the possibility that the murderer may have been a surgeon, doctor, or someone with medical knowledge. In mid-February 1947, the LAPD served a warrant to the University of Southern California Medical School, which was located near the site where Short's body had been discovered, requesting a complete list of the program's students.[41] The university agreed so long as the students' identities remained private, and background checks were conducted, but they yielded no results.
By the spring of 1947, Short's murder had become a cold case, with little new leads.[45] The nature of the crime and the sensational and sometimes-inaccurate press coverage all attracted intense public attention to the case. Because of the notoriety of the case, more than 50 men and women have confessed over the years to the murder. Sergeant John P. St. John, a detective who worked the case until his retirement, stated, "It is amazing how many people offer up a relative as the killer."[46] Harry Hansen, another LAPD detective, also actively worked the case until his retirement in 1971.[13]

Roughly 60 people confessed to the murder, mostly men. Of them, 25 were considered viable suspects by the Los Angeles DA. In the course of the investigation, some of the original 25 were eliminated, and several new suspects were proposed. Suspects remaining under discussion by various authors and experts include Walter Bayley,[47] Norman Chandler, Leslie Dillon, Joseph A. Dumais, Mark Hansen, Dr. Francis E. Sweeney, George Hill Hodel, Hodel's friend Fred Sexton,[48] George Knowlton, Robert M. "Red" Manley, Patrick S. O'Reilly, and Jack Anderson Wilson.[49]

Black Dhalia IV

Several crime authors as well as Cleveland detective Peter Merylo have suspected a link between the Short murder and the Cleveland Torso Murders, which took place in Cleveland, Ohio between 1934 and 1938.[51][52] As part of their investigation into other murders that took place before and after the Short murder, the original LAPD investigators studied the Cleveland murders in 1947 but later discounted any relationship between the two cases. In 1980, new evidence implicating a former Cleveland torso murder suspect, Jack Anderson Wilson (a.k.a. Arnold Smith), was investigated by Detective John P. St. John in relation to Short's murder. He claimed he was close to arresting Wilson for Short's murder, but that Wilson died in a fire on February 4, 1982.[53] The possible connection between Short's murder and the Cleveland murders received renewed media attention when it was profiled on the series Unsolved Mysteries in 1992, in which Ness biographer Oscar Fraley suggested Ness knew the identity of the killer responsible for both cases.[50]

The February 10, 1947 murder of Jeanne French in Los Angeles was also considered by the media and detectives as possibly being connected to Short's killing.[54] French's body was discovered in west Los Angeles on Grand View Boulevard, nude and badly beaten.[54] Written on her stomach in lipstick was what appeared to say "**** You B.D.", and the letters "TEX" below.[54] The Herald-Express covered the story heavily, and drew comparisons to the Short murder less than a month prior, surmising the initials "B.D." to stand for "Black Dahlia."[55] According to historian Jon Lewis, however, the scrawling actually read "P.D.", ostensibly standing for "police department."[56]

Crime authors such as Steve Hodel (son of George Hill Hodel) and William Rasmussen have suggested a link between the Short murder and the 1946 murder and dismemberment of six-year-old Suzanne Degnan in Chicago, Illinois.[57] Captain Donahoe of the LAPD stated publicly that he believed the Black Dahlia and the Chicago the Lipstick Murders were "likely connected."[58] Among the evidence cited is the fact that Short's body was found on Norton Avenue, three blocks west of Degnan Boulevard, Degnan being the last name of the girl from Chicago. There were also striking similarities between the handwriting on the Degnan ransom note and that of "the Black Dahlia Avenger." Both texts used a combination of capitals and small letters (the Degnan note read in part "BuRN This FoR heR SAfTY" [sic]), and both notes contain a similar misshapen letter P and have one word that matches exactly.[59] Convicted serial killer William Heirens served life in prison for Degnan's murder. Initially arrested at 17 for breaking into a residence close to that of Degnan, Heirens claimed he was tortured by police, forced to confess, and made a scapegoat for Degnan's murder.[60] After being taken from the medical infirmary at the Dixon Correctional Center on February 26, 2012 for health problems, Heirens died at the University of Illinois Medical Center on March 5, 2012, at 83.

Rumors and popular misconceptions

According to newspaper reports shortly after the murder, Short received the nickname "Black Dahlia" at a Long Beach drugstore in mid-1946 as wordplay on the film The Blue Dahlia.[61][62] However, reports by investigators for the Los Angeles County district attorney state that the nickname was invented by newspaper reporters covering her murder. Los Angeles Herald-Express reporter Bevo Means, who interviewed Short's acquaintances at the drugstore, is credited with first using the "Black Dahlia" name.[63] Prior to the circulation of the name, Short's murder had been dubbed the "Werewolf murder" due to the brutality of the crime.[64]

A number of people, none of whom knew Short, contacted police and the newspapers and claimed to have seen her during her so-called "missing week," between her January 9 disappearance and the discovery of her body, on January 15. Police and DA investigators ruled out each alleged sighting; in some cases, those interviewed were identifying other women whom they had mistaken for Short.[65]

Many true crime books claim that Short lived in or visited Los Angeles at various times in the mid-1940s; the claims have never been substantiated. They are refuted by the findings of the law enforcement officers who investigated the case. A document in the DA's files, titled "Movements of Elizabeth Short Prior to June 1, 1946," states that Short was in Florida and Massachusetts from September 1943 through the early months of 1946 and gives a detailed account of her living and working arrangements during this period. Although some of her acquaintances and several authors and journalists described Short as a call girl or a prostitute,[g] according to journalist Larry Harnisch, contemporaneous grand jury proved that there was no existing evidence that she was ever a prostitute.[4] It attributes the claim to confusion with another woman with the same name.

A widely-circulated rumor holds that Short was unable to have sexual intercourse because of a congenital defect that resulted in "infantile genitalia."[h] Los Angeles County district attorney's files state that the investigators had questioned three men with whom Short had engaged in sex,[71] including a Chicago police officer who was a suspect in the case.[72] FBI files on the case also contain a statement from one of Short's alleged lovers. Short's autopsy itself describes her reproductive organs as anatomically normal, disproving the commonly-held claim regarding undeveloped genitalia.[70][27] The autopsy also states that Short was not and had never been pregnant, contrary to what had been claimed prior to and following her death.
Short was buried at the Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland.[68] After her younger sisters had grown up and married, their mother, Phoebe, moved to Oakland to be near her daughter's grave. She finally returned to the East Coast in the 1970s, where she lived into her nineties.[13] On February 2, 1947, just two weeks after Short's murder, California Republican assemblyman C. Don Field was prompted by the case to introduce a bill calling for the formation of a sex offender registry; the state of California would become the first U.S. state to make the registration of offenders mandatory.[41]

Short's murder has been described as one of the most brutal and culturally-enduring crimes in American history,[67] and TIME magazine listed it as one of the most famous unsolved cases in the world.[73] Consequently, Short's life and death have been the basis of numerous books and films, both fictionalized and non-fiction.

Among the most famous fictional accounts of Short's death is James Ellroy's 1987 novel The Black Dahlia, which, in addition to the murder, explored "the larger fields of politics, crime, corruption, and paranoia in post-war Los Angeles," according to cultural critic David M. Fine.[74] Ellroy's novel was adapted into a 2006 film of the same name by director Brian De Palma.[61] Both Ellroy's novel and its film adaptation bear little relation to the facts of the case.[75] Short was also portrayed in heavily-fictionalized accounts by Lucie Arnaz in the 1975 television film Who Is the Black Dahlia?,[76] and again by Mena Suvari in the series American Horror Story (2011) (the latter features Short in the plot line of the episode "Spooky Little Girl").[77]

Short and her murder were also the subject of a 2013 short story and its eponymous collection titled "Black Dahlia and White Rose," by Joyce Carol Oates.

and people don't believe in the illuminati just lol

inn for later

Ted Bundy I



Theodore Robert Bundy (born Theodore Robert Cowell; November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer, kidnapper, rapist, burglar, necrophile who assaulted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s, and possibly earlier. Shortly before his execution—after more than a decade of denials—he confessed to 30 homicides committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978. The true victim count remains unknown, and could be much higher.

Born Theodore Robert Cowell
November 24, 1946
Burlington, Vermont, U.S.
Died January 24, 1989 (aged 42)
Florida State Prison, Bradford County, Florida, U.S.
Cause of death Execution by electrocution[1]
Other names
Chris Hagen
Kenneth Misner
Officer Roseland
Richard Burton
Rolf Miller[2]
Spouse(s) Carole Ann Boone (m. 1979–86)
Conviction(s) Aggravated kidnapping
Attempted murder
Burglary
Murder
Killings
Victims 30+
Span of killings
August 13, 1961, or February 1, 1974 – February 9, 1978
Country United States
State(s) Washington, Utah, Florida, Colorado, Oregon, Idaho, California
Date apprehended
August 16, 1975;
escaped June 7, 1977;
re-apprehended June 13, 1977;
escaped December 30, 1977;
re-apprehended February 15, 1978

Bundy was regarded by many of his young female victims as handsome and charismatic, traits that he exploited to win their trust. He typically approached them in public places, feigning injury or disability, or impersonating an authority figure, before overpowering and assaulting them at more secluded locations. He sometimes revisited his secondary crime scenes for hours at a time, grooming and performing sexual acts with the decomposing corpses until putrefaction and destruction by wild animals made further interaction impossible. He decapitated at least 12 of his victims, and kept some of the severed heads in his apartment for a period of time as mementos. On a few occasions, he simply broke into dwellings at night and bludgeoned his victims as they slept.

Initially incarcerated in Utah in 1975 for aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault, Bundy became a suspect in a progressively longer list of unsolved homicides in multiple states. Facing murder charges in Colorado, he engineered two dramatic escapes and committed further assaults, including three murders, before his ultimate recapture in Florida in 1978. He received three death sentences in two separate trials for the Florida homicides.

Bundy was executed by electric chair at Florida State Prison (also known as "Raiford Prison") near Starke, Florida, on January 24, 1989.[3] Biographer Ann Rule described him as "a sadistic sociopath who took pleasure from another human's pain and the control he had over his victims, to the point of death, and even after".[4] He once called himself "the most cold-hearted son of a bitch you'll ever meet".[5][6] Attorney Polly Nelson, a member of his last defense team, agreed: "Ted", she wrote, "was the very definition of heartless evil."[7]

Early life

Childhood
Bundy was born Theodore Robert Cowell on November 24, 1946 to Eleanor Louise Cowell (1924–2012)—known for most of her life as Louise—at the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers (now the Lund Family Center) in Burlington, Vermont.[8] His father's identity has never been determined with certainty. His birth certificate assigns paternity to a salesman and Air Force veteran named Lloyd Marshall,[9] but Louise later claimed that she had been seduced by "a sailor"[10] whose name may have been Jack Worthington.[11] (Years later, investigators would find no record of anyone by that name in Navy or Merchant Marine archives.)[12] Some family members expressed suspicions that Bundy might have been fathered by Louise's own violent, abusive father, Samuel Cowell,[13] but no material evidence has ever been cited to support or refute this.[14]

For the first three years of his life, Bundy lived in the Philadelphia home of his maternal grandparents, Samuel and Eleanor Cowell, who raised him as their son to avoid the social stigma that accompanied birth outside wedlock at the time. Family, friends, and even young Ted were told that his grandparents were his parents and that his mother was his older sister. Eventually he discovered the truth, though his recollection of the circumstances varied. He told a girlfriend that a cousin showed him a copy of his birth certificate after calling him a "bastard",[15] but he told biographers Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth that he found the certificate himself.[16] Biographer and true crime writer Ann Rule, who knew Bundy personally, believes that he did not find out until 1969, when he located his original birth record in Vermont.[17] Bundy expressed a lifelong resentment toward his mother for never talking to him about his real father, and for leaving him to discover his true parentage for himself.[18]

Bundy spoke warmly of his grandparents in some interviews,[19] and told Rule that he "identified with", "respected", and "clung to" his grandfather;[20] but he and other family members told attorneys in 1987 that Samuel Cowell was a tyrannical bully and a bigot who hated blacks, Italians, Catholics, and Jews, beat his wife and the family dog, and swung neighborhood cats by their tails. He once threw Louise's younger sister Julia down a flight of stairs for oversleeping.[21] He sometimes spoke aloud to unseen presences,[22] and at least once he flew into a violent rage when the question of Ted's paternity was raised.[21] Bundy described his grandmother as a timid and obedient woman who periodically underwent electroconvulsive therapy for depression[22] and feared leaving their house toward the end of her life.[23] Ted occasionally exhibited disturbing behavior, even at that early age. Julia recalled awakening one day from a nap to find herself surrounded by knives from the Cowell kitchen; her three-year-old nephew was standing by the bed, smiling.[24]


Bundy as a senior in high school in 1965
In 1950 Louise abruptly changed her surname from Cowell to Nelson,[9] and at the urging of multiple family members, left Philadelphia with her son to live with cousins Alan and Jane Scott in Tacoma, Washington.[25] In 1951 Louise met Johnny Culpepper Bundy, a hospital cook, at an adult singles night at Tacoma's First Methodist Church.[26] They married later that year and Johnny Bundy formally adopted Ted.[26] Johnny and Louise conceived four children of their own, and although Johnny tried to include his adoptive son in camping trips and other family activities, Ted remained distant. He later complained to his girlfriend that Johnny wasn't his real father, "wasn't very bright", and "didn't make much money."[27]

Bundy's Tacoma recollections varied from biographer to biographer: To Michaud and Aynesworth he described roaming his neighborhood, picking through trash barrels in search of pictures of naked women.[28] To Polly Nelson he spoke of perusing detective magazines, crime novels, and true crime documentaries for stories involving sexual violence, particularly when illustrated with pictures of dead or maimed bodies;[29] yet in a letter to Rule he asserted that he "... never, ever read fact-detective magazines, and shuddered at the thought [that anyone would]".[30] To Michaud, he described consuming large quantities of alcohol and "canvass[ing] the community" late at night in search of undraped windows where he could observe women undressing, or "whatever [else] could be seen."[31]

Accounts of his social life also varied: He told Michaud and Aynesworth that he "chose to be alone" as an adolescent because he was unable to understand interpersonal relationships.[32] He claimed that he had no natural sense of how to develop friendships. "I didn't know what made people want to be friends," he said. "I didn't know what underlay social interactions."[33] Classmates from Woodrow Wilson High School told Rule, however, that Bundy was "well known and well liked" there, "a medium-sized fish in a large pond".[34]

Bundy's only significant athletic avocation was snow skiing, which he pursued enthusiastically using stolen equipment and forged lift tickets.[16] During high school he was arrested at least twice on suspicion of burglary and auto theft. When he reached age 18 the details of the incidents were expunged from his record, as is customary in Washington and most other states.

Ted Bundy II

After graduating from high school in 1965, Bundy spent a year at the University of Puget Sound (UPS) before transferring to the University of Washington (UW) in 1966 to study Chinese.[36] In 1967 he became romantically involved with a UW classmate who is identified in Bundy biographies by several pseudonyms, most commonly Stephanie Brooks.[37] In early 1968 he dropped out of college and worked at a series of minimum-wage jobs. He also volunteered at the Seattle office of Nelson Rockefeller's presidential campaign[38] and in August attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami as a Rockefeller delegate.[39] Shortly thereafter Brooks ended their relationship and returned to her family home in California, frustrated by what she described as Bundy's immaturity and lack of ambition. Psychiatrist Dorothy Lewis would later pinpoint this crisis as "probably the pivotal time in his development".[40] Devastated by Brooks's rejection, Bundy traveled to Colorado and then farther east, visiting relatives in Arkansas and Philadelphia and enrolling for one semester at Temple University.[41] It was at this time in early 1969, Rule believes, that Bundy visited the office of birth records in Burlington and confirmed his true parentage.[41][42]

Back in Washington in the fall of 1969, he met Elizabeth Kloepfer (identified in Bundy literature as Meg Anders, Beth Archer, or Liz Kendall), a divorcée from Ogden, Utah, who worked as a secretary at the University of Washington School of Medicine.[43] Their stormy relationship would continue well past his initial incarceration in Utah in 1976. In mid 1970, now focused and goal oriented, he reenrolled at UW, this time as a psychology major. He became an honor student, well regarded by his professors.[44] In 1971 he took a job at Seattle's Suicide Hotline crisis center. There he met and worked alongside Ann Rule, a former Seattle police officer and aspiring crime writer who would later write one of the definitive Bundy biographies, The Stranger Beside Me. Rule saw nothing disturbing in Bundy's personality at the time, describing him as "kind, solicitous, and empathetic".[45]

After graduating from UW in 1972[46] Bundy joined Governor Daniel J. Evans' reelection campaign.[47] Posing as a college student, he shadowed Evans's opponent, former governor Albert Rosellini, recording his stump speeches for analysis by Evans's team.[48][49] After Evans's reelection he was hired as an assistant to Ross Davis, Chairman of the Washington State Republican Party. Davis thought well of Bundy, describing him as "smart, aggressive ... and a believer in the system".[50] In early 1973, despite mediocre Law School Admission Test scores, Bundy was accepted into the law schools of UPS and the University of Utah on the strength of letters of recommendation from Evans, Davis, and several UW psychology professors.
During a trip to California on Republican Party business in the summer of 1973, Bundy rekindled his relationship with Brooks, who marveled at his transformation into a serious, dedicated professional seemingly on the cusp of a distinguished legal and political career. He continued to date Kloepfer as well, though neither woman was aware of the other's existence. In the fall of 1973 Bundy matriculated at UPS Law School[53] and continued courting Brooks, who flew to Seattle several times to stay with him. They discussed marriage; at one point he introduced her to Davis as his fiancée.[27] In January 1974, however, he abruptly broke off all contact; her phone calls and letters went unreturned. Finally reaching him by phone a month later, Brooks demanded to know why Bundy had unilaterally ended their relationship without explanation. In a flat, calm voice, he replied, "Stephanie, I have no idea what you mean" and hung up. She never heard from him again.[54] He later explained, "I just wanted to prove to myself that I could have married her";[55] but Brooks concluded in retrospect that he had deliberately planned the entire courtship and rejection in advance as vengeance for the breakup she initiated in 1968.[54]

By then, Bundy had begun skipping classes at law school; by April, he had stopped attending entirely,[56] as young women began to disappear in the Pacific Northwest.[57]

First two series of murders

Washington, Oregon
There is no consensus on when or where Bundy began killing women. He told different stories to different people, and refused to divulge the specifics of his earliest crimes, even as he confessed in graphic detail to dozens of later murders in the days preceding his execution.[58] He told Nelson that he attempted his first kidnapping in 1969 in Ocean City, New Jersey, but did not kill anyone until sometime in 1971 in Seattle.[59] He told psychologist Art Norman that he killed two women in Atlantic City in 1969 while visiting family in Philadelphia.[60][61] To homicide detective Robert D. Keppel, he hinted at a murder in Seattle in 1972,[62] and another in 1973 involving a hitchhiker near Tumwater, Washington, but refused to elaborate.[63] Rule and Keppel both believe that he may have started killing as a teenager.[64][65] Circumstantial evidence suggests that he abducted and killed 8-year-old Ann Marie Burr of Tacoma in 1961 when he was 14, an allegation he denied repeatedly.[62] His earliest documented homicides were committed in 1974 when he was 27 years old. By then he had (by his own admission) mastered the necessary skills—in the era before DNA profiling—to leave minimal incriminating evidence at a crime scene.

Ted Bundy III

Shortly after midnight on January 4, 1974—around the time that he terminated his relationship with Brooks—Bundy entered the basement apartment of 18-year-old Karen Sparks[67] (identified as Joni Lenz,[68][69] Mary Adams[70] or Terri Caldwell[71] by various sources), a dancer and student at UW. After bludgeoning the sleeping woman senseless with a metal rod from her bed frame, he sexually assaulted her with either the same rod,[72][55] or a metal speculum,[69] causing extensive internal injuries. She remained unconscious for 10 days,[71] but survived with permanent disabilities.[73] Less than a month later, in the early morning hours of February 1, Bundy broke into the basement room of Lynda Ann Healy, a UW undergraduate who broadcast morning radio weather reports for skiers. He beat her unconscious, dressed her in blue jeans, a white blouse, and boots, and carried her away.[74]

Female college students continued to disappear at the rate of about one per month. On March 12, Donna Gail Manson, a 19-year-old student at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, 60 miles (97 km) southwest of Seattle, left her dormitory to attend a jazz concert on campus, but never arrived. On April 17, Susan Elaine Rancourt disappeared while on her way to her dorm room after an evening advisers meeting at Central Washington State College (now Central Washington University) in Ellensburg, 110 miles (180 km) southeast of Seattle.[75][76] Two female Central Washington students later came forward to report encounters—one on the night of Rancourt's disappearance, the other three nights earlier—with a man wearing an arm sling, asking for help carrying a load of books to his brown or tan Volkswagen Beetle.[77][78] On May 6, Roberta Kathleen Parks left her dormitory at Oregon State University in Corvallis, 260 miles (420 km) south of Seattle, to have coffee with friends at the Student Union Building, but never arrived.[79]

Detectives from the King County Sheriff's Office and the Seattle Police Department grew increasingly concerned. There was no significant physical evidence, and the missing women had little in common, apart from being young, attractive, white college students with long hair parted in the middle.[80] On June 1, Brenda Carol Ball, 22, disappeared after leaving the Flame Tavern in Burien, Washington, near Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. She was last seen in the parking lot talking to a brown-haired man with his arm in a sling.[81] In the early hours of June 11, UW student Georgann Hawkins vanished while walking down a brightly lit alley between her boyfriend's dormitory residence and her sorority house.[82] The next morning, three Seattle homicide detectives and a criminalist combed the entire alleyway on their hands and knees, finding nothing.[83] After Hawkins's disappearance was publicized, witnesses came forward to report seeing a man that night in an alley behind a nearby dormitory, on crutches with a leg cast, struggling to carry a briefcase.[84] One woman recalled that the man asked her to help him carry the case to his car, a light brown Volkswagen Beetle.[85]

During this period, Bundy was working at the Washington State Department of Emergency Services (DES) in Olympia, a government agency involved in the search for the missing women. There, he met and dated Carole Ann Boone, a twice-divorced mother of two who, six years later, would play an important role in the final phase of his life.

Reports of the six missing women and Sparks's brutal beating appeared prominently in newspapers and on television throughout Washington and Oregon.[89] Fear spread among the population; hitchhiking by young women dropped sharply.[90] While pressure mounted on law enforcement agencies,[91] the paucity of physical evidence severely hampered them. Police could not provide reporters with the little information that was available for fear of compromising the investigation.[92] Further similarities between the victims were noted: The disappearances all took place at night, usually near ongoing construction work, within a week of midterm or final exams; all of the victims were wearing slacks or blue jeans; and at most crime scenes, there were sightings of a man wearing a cast or a sling, and driving a brown or tan Volkswagen Beetle.[93]

The Pacific Northwest murders culminated on Sunday, July 14 with the broad daylight abductions of two women from a crowded beach at Lake Sammamish State Park in Issaquah, 20 miles (32 km) east of Seattle. Five female witnesses described an attractive young man wearing a white tennis outfit with his left arm in a sling, speaking with a light accent, perhaps Canadian or British. Introducing himself as "Ted," he asked their help in unloading a sailboat from his tan or bronze-colored Volkswagen Beetle. Four refused; one accompanied him as far as his car, saw that there was no sailboat, and fled. Three additional witnesses saw him approach Janice Anne Ott, 23, a probation case worker at the King County Juvenile Court, with the sailboat story, and watched her leave the beach in his company.[94] About four hours later, Denise Marie Naslund, a 19-year-old woman who was studying to become a computer programmer, left a picnic to go to the restroom and never returned.[95] Bundy told Stephen Michaud that Ott was still alive when he returned with Naslund—and that one was forced to watch as the other was murdered[96][97]—but he later denied it in an interview with Lewis on the eve of his execution.[98]

King County police, finally armed with a detailed description of their suspect as well as his car, posted fliers throughout the Seattle area. A composite sketch was printed in regional newspapers and broadcast on local television stations. Elizabeth Kloepfer, Ann Rule, a DES employee, and a UW psychology professor all recognized the profile, the sketch, and the car, and reported Bundy as a possible suspect;[99] but detectives—who were receiving up to 200 tips per day[100]—thought it unlikely that a clean-cut law student with no adult criminal record could be the perpetrator.[101]

On September 6, two grouse hunters stumbled across the skeletal remains of Ott and Naslund near a service road in Issaquah, 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Lake Sammamish State Park.[102] An extra femur and several vertebrae found at the site were later identified by Bundy as Georgann Hawkins'.[103] Six months later, forestry students from Green River Community College discovered the skulls and mandibles of Healy, Rancourt, Parks, and Ball on Taylor Mountain, where Bundy frequently hiked, just east of Issaquah.[104] Manson's remains were never recovered.

Ted Bundy IV

In August 1974, Bundy received a second acceptance from the University of Utah Law School and moved to Salt Lake City, leaving Kloepfer in Seattle. While he called Kloepfer often, he dated "at least a dozen" other women.[106] As he studied the first-year law curriculum a second time, "he was devastated to find out that the other students had something, some intellectual capacity, that he did not. He found the classes completely incomprehensible. 'It was a great disappointment to me,' he said."[107]

A new string of homicides began the following month, including two that would remain undiscovered until Bundy confessed to them shortly before his execution. On September 2, he raped and strangled a still-unidentified hitchhiker in Idaho, then either disposed of the remains immediately in a nearby river,[108] or returned the next day to photograph and dismember the corpse.[109][110] On October 2, he seized 16-year-old Nancy Wilcox in Holladay, a suburb of Salt Lake City,[111] and dragged her into a wooded area, intending to "de-escalate" his pathological urges, he claimed, by raping and then releasing her; but he strangled her—accidentally, he said—in the process of trying to silence her screams.[112] Her remains were buried near Capitol Reef National Park, some 200 miles (320 km) south of Holladay, but were never found.[113]

On October 18, Melissa Anne Smith, the 17-year-old daughter of the police chief of Midvale, another Salt Lake City suburb, disappeared after leaving a pizza parlor. Her nude body was found in a nearby mountainous area nine days later. Postmortem examination indicated that she may have remained alive for up to seven days following her disappearance.[114][115] On October 31, 25 miles (40 km) south in Lehi, Laura Ann Aime, also 17, disappeared after leaving a café just after midnight.[116] Her naked body was found by hikers 9 miles (14 km) to the northeast in American Fork Canyon[117] on Thanksgiving Day. Both women had been beaten, raped, sodomized and strangled with nylon stockings.[118][119] Years later, Bundy described his postmortem rituals with the corpses of Smith and Aime, including hair shampooing and application of makeup.[120][121]

In the late afternoon of November 8, Bundy approached 18-year-old telephone operator Carol DaRonch at Fashion Place Mall[122] in Murray, Utah, less than a mile from the Midvale restaurant where Melissa Smith was last seen. He identified himself as "Officer Roseland" of the Murray Police Department, told DaRonch that someone had attempted to break into her car, and asked her to accompany him to the station to file a complaint. When DaRonch pointed out that Bundy was driving on a road that did not lead to the police station, he immediately pulled to the shoulder and attempted to handcuff her. During their struggle, he inadvertently fastened both handcuffs to the same wrist, and DaRonch was able to open the car door and escape.[123] Later that evening, Debra Jean Kent, a 17-year-old student at Viewmont High School in Bountiful, 19 miles (31 km) north of Murray, disappeared after leaving a theater production at the school to pick up her brother.[124] The school's drama teacher and a student told police that "a stranger" had asked each of them to come out to the parking lot to identify a car. Another student later saw the same man pacing in the rear of the auditorium, and the drama teacher spotted him again shortly before the end of the play.[125] Outside the auditorium, investigators found a key that unlocked the handcuffs removed from Carol DaRonch's wrist.[126]

In November, Elizabeth Kloepfer, having read that young women were now disappearing in towns surrounding Salt Lake City, called King County police a second time. Detective Randy Hergesheimer of the Major Crimes division interviewed her in detail. By then, Bundy had risen considerably on the King County hierarchy of suspicion, but the Lake Sammamish witness considered most reliable by detectives failed to identify him from a photo lineup.[127] In December, Kloepfer called the Salt Lake County Sheriff's Office and repeated her suspicions. Bundy's name was added to their list of suspects, but at that time no credible evidence linked him to the Utah crimes.[128] In January 1975 Bundy returned to Seattle after his final exams and spent a week with Kloepfer, who did not tell him that she had reported him to police on three separate occasions. She made plans to visit him in Salt Lake City in August.

In 1975 Bundy shifted much of his criminal activity eastward, from his base in Utah to Colorado. On January 12, a 23-year-old registered nurse named Caryn Eileen Campbell disappeared while walking down a well-lit hallway between the elevator and her room at the Wildwood Inn (now the Wildwood Lodge) in Snowmass Village, 400 miles (640 km) southeast of Salt Lake City.[130] Her nude body was found a month later next to a dirt road just outside the resort. She had been killed by blows to her head from a blunt instrument that left distinctive linear grooved depressions on her skull; her body also bore deep cuts from a sharp weapon.[131] A hundred miles (160 km) northeast of Snowmass, on March 15, Vail ski instructor Julie Cunningham, 26, disappeared while walking from her apartment to a dinner date with a friend. Bundy later told Colorado investigators that he approached Cunningham on crutches and asked her to help carry his ski boots to his car, where he clubbed and handcuffed her, then assaulted and strangled her at a secondary site near Rifle, Colorado, 90 miles (140 km) west of Vail.[132] Weeks later, he made the six-hour drive from Salt Lake City to revisit her remains.[133]

Denise Lynn Oliverson, 25, disappeared near the Utah–Colorado border in Grand Junction on April 6 while riding her bicycle to her parents' house; her bike and sandals were found under a viaduct near a railroad bridge.[134] On May 6, Bundy lured 12-year-old Lynette Dawn Culver from Alameda Junior High School in Pocatello, Idaho, 160 miles (260 km) north of Salt Lake City. He drowned and then sexually assaulted her in his hotel room,[135] before disposing of her body in a river north of Pocatello (possibly the Snake).

In mid-May, three of Bundy's Washington State DES coworkers, including Carole Ann Boone, visited him in Salt Lake City and stayed for a week in his apartment. Bundy subsequently spent a week in Seattle with Kloepfer in early June and they discussed getting married the following Christmas. Again, Kloepfer made no mention of her multiple discussions with the King County Police and Salt Lake County Sheriff's Office, and Bundy disclosed neither his ongoing relationship with Boone nor a concurrent romance with a Utah law student known in various accounts as Kim Andrews[138] or Sharon Auer.[139]

On June 28 Susan Curtis vanished from the campus of Brigham Young University in Provo, 45 miles (72 km) south of Salt Lake City. Curtis's murder became Bundy's last confession, tape-recorded moments before he entered the execution chamber.[140] The bodies of Wilcox, Kent, Cunningham, Culver, Curtis, and Oliverson were never recovered.

In August or September 1975, Bundy was baptized into The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, although he was not an active participant in services and ignored most church restrictions.[141][142][143] He would later be excommunicated by the LDS Church following his 1976 kidnapping conviction.[141] (When asked his religious preference after his arrest, Bundy answered "Methodist", the religion of his childhood.)[144]

In Washington state, investigators were still struggling to analyze the Pacific Northwest murder spree that had ended as abruptly as it had begun. In an effort to make sense of an overwhelming mass of data, they resorted to the then-innovative strategy of compiling a database. They used the King County payroll computer, a "huge, primitive machine" by contemporary standards, but the only one available for their use. After inputting the many lists they had compiled—classmates and acquaintances of each victim, Volkswagen owners named "Ted", known sex offenders, and so on—they queried the computer for coincidences. Out of thousands of names, 26 turned up on four separate lists; one was Ted Bundy. Detectives also manually compiled a list of their 100 "best" suspects, and Bundy was on that list as well. He was "literally at the top of the pile" of suspects when word came from Utah of his arrest.

Ted Bundy V

Arrest and first trial

Items found in Bundy's Volkswagen, Utah, 1975

Bundy was arrested on August 16, 1975 in Granger, another Salt Lake City suburb, by a Utah Highway Patrol officer who observed him cruising a residential area in the pre-dawn hours, then fleeing at high speed after seeing the patrol car.[146] The officer noticed that the Volkswagen's front passenger seat had been removed and placed on the rear seats, and searched the car. He found a ski mask, a second mask fashioned from pantyhose, a crowbar, handcuffs, trash bags, a coil of rope, an ice pick, and other items initially assumed to be burglary tools. Bundy explained that the ski mask was for skiing, he had found the handcuffs in a dumpster, and the rest were common household items.[147] However, Detective Jerry Thompson remembered a similar suspect and car description from the November 1974 DaRonch kidnapping, and Bundy's name from Kloepfer's December 1974 phone call. In a search of Bundy's apartment, police found a guide to Colorado ski resorts with a checkmark by the Wildwood Inn,[148] and a brochure advertising the Viewmont High School play in Bountiful (where Debra Kent had disappeared),[149] but nothing sufficiently incriminating to hold him. He was released on his own recognizance. (Bundy later said that searchers missed a collection of Polaroid photographs of his victims, which he destroyed after he was released.)[150]

Salt Lake City police placed Bundy on 24-hour surveillance, and Thompson flew to Seattle with two other detectives to interview Kloepfer. She told them that in the year prior to Bundy's move to Utah she had discovered objects she "couldn't understand" in her house and in Bundy's apartment: a set of crutches; a bag of plaster of Paris that he admitted stealing from a medical supply house; a meat cleaver, never used for cooking, that he packed when he moved to Utah; surgical gloves; an Oriental knife in a wooden case that he kept in his glove compartment; and a sack full of women's clothing.[151] Bundy was perpetually in debt, and Kloepfer suspected he had stolen almost everything of significant value that he owned. Once, when she confronted him over a new TV and stereo, he warned her, "If you tell anyone, I'll break your ****ing neck."[152] She said Bundy became "very upset" whenever she considered cutting her hair, which was long and parted in the middle. She would sometimes awaken in the middle of the night to find him under the bed covers with a flashlight, examining her body. He kept a lug wrench, taped halfway up the handle, in the trunk of her car—another Volkswagen Beetle, which he often borrowed—"for protection". The detectives confirmed that Bundy had not been with Kloepfer on any of the nights during which the Pacific Northwest victims had vanished, nor on the day Ott and Naslund were abducted.[153] Shortly thereafter, Kloepfer was interviewed by Seattle homicide detective Kathy McChesney, and learned of the existence of Stephanie Brooks and her brief engagement to Bundy around Christmas 1973.

In September Bundy sold his Volkswagen Beetle to a Midvale teenager.[155] Utah police impounded it, and FBI technicians dismantled and searched it. They found hairs matching samples obtained from Caryn Campbell's body.[156] Later, they also identified hair strands "microscopically indistinguishable" from those of Melissa Smith and Carol DaRonch.[157] FBI lab specialist Robert Neill concluded that the presence of hair strands in one car matching three different victims who had never met one another would be "a coincidence of mind-boggling rarity".[158]

On October 2, detectives put Bundy in a lineup before DaRonch, who immediately identified him as "Officer Roseland". Witnesses from Bountiful picked him from the same lineup as the stranger lurking about the high school auditorium.[159] There was insufficient evidence linking him to Debra Kent (whose body was never found), but more than enough to charge him with aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault in the DaRonch case. He was freed on $15,000 bail, paid by his parents,[160] and spent most of the time between indictment and trial in Seattle, living in Kloepfer's house. Seattle police had insufficient evidence to charge him in the Pacific Northwest murders, but kept him under close surveillance. "When Ted and I stepped out on the porch to go somewhere," Kloepfer wrote, "so many unmarked police cars started up that it sounded like the beginning of the Indy 500."[161]

In November, the three principal Bundy investigators—Jerry Thompson from Utah, Robert Keppel from Washington, and Michael Fisher from Colorado—met and exchanged information with 30 detectives and prosecutors from five states in Aspen, Colorado.[162] While officials left the meeting (later known as the Aspen Summit) convinced that Bundy was the murderer they sought, they agreed that more hard evidence would be needed before he could be charged with any of the murders.[163]

On February 23, 1976, Bundy stood trial for the DaRonch kidnapping, waiving his right to a jury on the advice of his attorney, John O'Connell, due to the publicity surrounding the case. On March 1, after a four-day bench trial and a weekend of deliberation, Judge Stewart Hanson Jr. found him guilty of kidnapping and assault.[164][165] He was sentenced to serve a minimum of one to a maximum of 15 years in the Utah State Prison on June 30.[160] In October he was found hiding in bushes in the prison yard carrying an "escape kit"—road maps, airline schedules, and a social security card—and spent several weeks in solitary confinement.[166] Later that month, Colorado authorities charged him with Caryn Campbell's murder. After a period of resistance, he waived extradition proceedings and was transferred to Aspen in January 1977.[167][168]


Bundy's 1975 Utah mug shots

Ted Bundy VI

On June 7, 1977, Bundy was transported 40 miles (64 km) from the Garfield County jail in Glenwood Springs to Pitkin County Courthouse in Aspen for a preliminary hearing. He had elected to serve as his own attorney, and as such, was excused by the judge from wearing handcuffs or leg shackles.[170] During a recess he asked to visit the courthouse's law library to research his case. Concealed behind a bookcase, he opened a window and jumped from the second story, spraining his right ankle as he landed. After shedding an outer layer of clothing he walked through Aspen as roadblocks were being set up on its outskirts, then hiked southward onto Aspen Mountain. Near its summit he broke into a hunting cabin and stole food, clothing, and a rifle.[171] The following day he left the cabin and continued south toward the town of Crested Butte, but became lost in the forest. For two days he wandered aimlessly on the mountain, missing two trails that led downward to his intended destination. On June 10, he broke into a camping trailer on Maroon Lake, 10 miles (16 km) south of Aspen, taking food and a ski parka; but instead of continuing southward, he walked back north toward Aspen, eluding roadblocks and search parties along the way.[172] Three days later, he stole a car at the edge of Aspen Golf Course. Cold, sleep-deprived, and in constant pain from his sprained ankle, he drove back into Aspen, where two police officers noticed his car weaving in and out of its lane and pulled him over. He had been a fugitive for six days.[173] In the car were maps of the mountain area around Aspen that prosecutors were using to demonstrate the location of Caryn Campbell's body (as his own attorney, Bundy had rights of discovery), indicating that his escape was not a spontaneous act, but had been planned.



Back in jail in Glenwood Springs, Bundy ignored the advice of friends and legal advisors to stay put. The case against him, already weak at best, was deteriorating steadily as pretrial motions consistently resolved in his favor and significant bits of evidence were ruled inadmissible.[176] "A more rational defendant might have realized that he stood a good chance of acquittal, and that beating the murder charge in Colorado would probably have dissuaded other prosecutors ... with as little as a year and a half to serve on the DaRonch conviction, had Ted persevered, he could have been a free man."[177] Instead, Bundy assembled a new escape plan. He acquired a detailed floor plan of the jail and a hacksaw blade from other inmates, and accumulated $500 in cash, smuggled in over a six-month period, he later said, by visitors—Carole Ann Boone in particular.[178] During the evenings, while other prisoners were showering, he sawed a hole about one foot (0.30 m) square between the steel reinforcing bars in his cell's ceiling and, after losing 35 pounds (16 kg), was able to wriggle through it into the crawl space above.[179] In the weeks that followed he made a series of practice runs, exploring the space. Multiple reports from an informant of movement within the ceiling during the night were not investigated.[180]

By late 1977, Bundy's impending trial had become a cause célèbre in the small town of Aspen, and Bundy filed a motion for a change of venue to Denver.[181] On December 23 the Aspen trial judge granted the request—but to Colorado Springs, where juries had historically been hostile to murder suspects.[182] On the night of December 30, with most of the jail staff on Christmas break and nonviolent prisoners on furlough with their families,[183] Bundy piled books and files in his bed, covered them with a blanket to simulate his sleeping body, and climbed into the crawlspace. He broke through the ceiling into the apartment of the chief jailer—who was out for the evening with his wife[184]—changed into street clothes from the jailer's closet, and walked out the front door to freedom.[185]

After stealing a car, Bundy drove eastward out of Glenwood Springs, but the car soon broke down in the mountains on Interstate 70. A passing motorist gave him a ride into Vail, 60 miles (97 km) to the east. From there he caught a bus to Denver, where he boarded a morning flight to Chicago. In Glenwood Springs, the jail's skeleton crew did not discover the escape until noon on December 31, more than 17 hours later. By then Bundy was already in Chicago.[186]

Ted Bundy VII



From Chicago, Bundy traveled by train to Ann Arbor, Michigan. There, on January 2 in a local tavern, he watched his alma mater UW defeat Michigan in the Rose Bowl.[187] Five days later he stole a car and drove to Atlanta, where he boarded a bus and arrived in Tallahassee, Florida, on the morning of January 8. He rented a room under the alias Chris Hagen at a boarding house near the Florida State University (FSU) campus. Bundy later said that he initially resolved to find legitimate employment and refrain from further criminal activity, knowing he could probably remain free and undetected in Florida indefinitely as long as he did not attract the attention of police;[188] but his lone job application, at a construction site, had to be abandoned when he was asked to produce identification.[189] He reverted to his old habits of shoplifting and stealing credit cards from women's wallets left in shopping carts.[190]

In the early hours of January 15, 1978—one week after his arrival in Tallahassee—Bundy entered FSU's Chi Omega sorority house through a rear door with a faulty locking mechanism.[191] Beginning at about 2:45 a.m. he bludgeoned Margaret Bowman, 21, with a piece of oak firewood as she slept, then garroted her with a nylon stocking.[192] He then entered the bedroom of 20-year-old Lisa Levy and beat her unconscious, strangled her, tore one of her nipples, bit deeply into her left buttock, and sexually assaulted her with a hair mist bottle.[193] In an adjoining bedroom he attacked Kathy Kleiner, breaking her jaw and deeply lacerating her shoulder; and Karen Chandler, who suffered a concussion, broken jaw, loss of teeth, and a crushed finger.[194] Tallahassee detectives later determined that the four attacks took place in a total of less than 15 minutes, within earshot of more than 30 witnesses who heard nothing.[191] After leaving the sorority house Bundy broke into a basement apartment eight blocks away and attacked FSU student Cheryl Thomas, dislocating her shoulder and fracturing her jaw and skull in five places. She was left with permanent deafness, and equilibrium damage that ended her dance career.[195] On Thomas's bed police found a semen stain and a pantyhose "mask" containing two hairs "similar to Bundy's in class and characteristic".

On February 8, Bundy drove 150 miles (240 km) east to Jacksonville in a stolen FSU van.

On February 12, with insufficient cash to pay his overdue rent and a growing suspicion that police were closing in on him,[201] Bundy stole a car and fled Tallahassee, driving westward across the Florida Panhandle. Three days later, at around 1:00 a.m., he was stopped by Pensacola police officer David Lee near the Alabama state line after a "wants and warrants" check showed his Volkswagen Beetle was stolen.[202] When told he was under arrest, Bundy kicked Lee's legs out from under him and took off running. Lee fired a warning shot followed by a second round, gave chase and tackled him. The two struggled over Lee's gun before the officer finally subdued and arrested Bundy.[203] In the stolen vehicle were three sets of IDs belonging to female FSU students, 21 stolen credit cards and a stolen television set.[204] Also found were a pair of dark-rimmed non-prescription glasses and a pair of plaid slacks, later identified as the disguise worn by "Richard Burton, Fire Department" in Jacksonville.[205] As Lee transported his suspect to jail, unaware that he had just arrested one of the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, he heard Bundy say, "I wish you had killed me."[206]

I think we found the perp of all these 'creepy unsolved murders'..

Spoiler!

Ted Bundy VIII

Following a change of venue to Miami, Bundy stood trial for the Chi Omega homicides and assaults in June 1979.[207] The trial was covered by 250 reporters from five continents and was the first to be televised nationally in the United States.[208] Despite the presence of five court-appointed attorneys, Bundy again handled much of his own defense. From the beginning, he "sabotaged the entire defense effort out of spite, distrust, and grandiose delusion", Nelson later wrote. "Ted [was] facing murder charges, with a possible death sentence, and all that mattered to him apparently was that he be in charge."[209]

According to Mike Minerva, a Tallahassee public defender and member of the defense team, a pre-trial plea bargain was negotiated in which Bundy would plead guilty to killing Levy, Bowman and Leach in exchange for a firm 75-year prison sentence. Prosecutors were amenable to a deal, by one account, because "prospects of losing at trial were very good."[210] Bundy, on the other hand, saw the plea deal not only as a means of avoiding the death penalty, but also as a "tactical move": he could enter his plea, then wait a few years for evidence to disintegrate or become lost and for witnesses to die, move on, or retract their testimony. Once the case against him had deteriorated beyond repair, he could file a post-conviction motion to set aside the plea and secure an acquittal.[211][212] At the last minute, however, Bundy refused the deal. "It made him realize he was going to have to stand up in front of the whole world and say he was guilty", Minerva said. "He just couldn't do it."

At trial, crucial testimony came from Chi Omega sorority members Connie Hastings, who placed Bundy in the vicinity of the Chi Omega House that evening,[214] and Nita Neary, who saw him leaving the sorority house clutching the oak murder weapon.[215][216] Incriminating physical evidence included impressions of the bite wounds Bundy had inflicted on Lisa Levy's left buttock, which forensic odontologists Richard Souviron and Lowell Levine matched to castings of Bundy's teeth.[217][218] The jury deliberated for less than seven hours before convicting him on July 24, 1979 of the Bowman and Levy murders, three counts of attempted first degree murder (for the assaults on Kleiner, Chandler and Thomas) and two counts of burglary. Trial judge Edward Cowart imposed death sentences for the murder convictions.[219][220]

Six months later, a second trial took place in Orlando for the abduction and murder of Kimberly Leach.[221] Bundy was found guilty once again, after less than eight hours' deliberation, due principally to the testimony of an eyewitness who saw him leading Leach from the schoolyard to his stolen van.[222] Important material evidence included clothing fibers with an unusual manufacturing error, found in the van and on Leach's body, which matched fibers from the jacket Bundy was wearing when he was arrested.[223]

During the penalty phase of the trial, Bundy took advantage of an obscure Florida law providing that a marriage declaration in court, in the presence of a judge, constituted a legal marriage. As he was questioning former Washington State DES coworker Carole Ann Boone—who had moved to Florida to be near Bundy, had testified on his behalf during both trials, and was again testifying on his behalf as a character witness—he asked her to marry him. She accepted, and Bundy declared to the court that they were legally married.[224][225]

On February 10, 1980, Bundy was sentenced to death by electrocution for a third time.[226] As the sentence was announced, he reportedly stood and shouted, "Tell the jury they were wrong!"[227] This third death sentence would be the one ultimately carried out nearly nine years later.[228]

In October 1982, Boone gave birth to a daughter and named Bundy as the father.[14][229] While conjugal visits were not allowed at Raiford Prison, inmates were known to pool their money in order to bribe guards to allow them intimate time alone with their female visitors.

very funny Busta

Ted Bundy IX

Death row, confessions, and execution


Shortly after the conclusion of the Leach trial and the beginning of the long appeals process that followed, Bundy initiated a series of interviews with Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth. Speaking mostly in third person to avoid "the stigma of confession", he began for the first time to divulge details of his crimes and thought processes.[231]

He recounted his career as a thief, confirming Kloepfer's long-time suspicion that he had shoplifted virtually everything of substance that he owned.[232] "The big payoff for me," he said, "was actually possessing whatever it was I had stolen. I really enjoyed having something ... that I had wanted and gone out and taken." Possession proved to be an important motive for rape and murder as well.[233] Sexual assault, he said, fulfilled his need to "totally possess" his victims.[234] At first, he killed his victims "as a matter of expediency ... to eliminate the possibility of [being] caught"; but later, murder became part of the "adventure". "The ultimate possession was, in fact, the taking of the life", he said. "And then ... the physical possession of the remains."[235]

Bundy also confided in Special Agent William Hagmaier of the FBI Behavioral Analysis Unit. Hagmaier was struck by the "deep, almost mystical satisfaction" that Bundy took in murder. "He said that after a while, murder is not just a crime of lust or violence", Hagmaier related. "It becomes possession. They are part of you ... [the victim] becomes a part of you, and you [two] are forever one ... and the grounds where you kill them or leave them become sacred to you, and you will always be drawn back to them." Bundy told Hagmaier that he considered himself to be an "amateur", an "impulsive" killer in his early years, before moving into what he termed his "prime" or "predator" phase at about the time of Lynda Healy's murder in 1974. This implied that he began killing well before 1974—though he never explicitly admitted doing so.[236]

In July 1984, Raiford guards found two hacksaw blades hidden in Bundy's cell. A steel bar in one of its windows had been sawed completely through at the top and bottom and glued back in place with a homemade soap-based adhesive.[237][238] Several months later his cell was changed again after guards found an unauthorized mirror hidden in it.

Sometime during this period, Bundy was attacked by a group of his fellow death row inmates. Though he denied having been assaulted, a number of inmates confessed to the crime, characterized by one source as a "gang rape".[240] Shortly thereafter, he was charged with a disciplinary infraction for unauthorized correspondence with another high-profile criminal, John Hinckley, Jr.[241] In October 1984, Bundy contacted Robert Keppel and offered to share his self-proclaimed expertise in serial killer psychology[239] in the ongoing hunt for his successor in Washington, the Green River Killer.[242] Keppel and Green River Task Force detective Dave Reichert interviewed Bundy, but Gary Leon Ridgway remained at large for a further 17 years.[243] Keppel published a detailed documentation of the Green River interviews,[244] and later collaborated with Michaud on another examination of the interview material.[245]

In early 1986, an execution date (March 4) was set on the Chi Omega convictions; the Supreme Court issued a brief stay, but the execution was quickly rescheduled.[246] In April, shortly after the new date (July 2) was announced, Bundy finally confessed to Hagmaier and Nelson what they believed was the full range of his depredations, including details of what he did to some of his victims after their deaths. He told them that he revisited Taylor Mountain, Issaquah, and other secondary crime scenes, often several times, to lie with his victims and perform sexual acts with their decomposing bodies until putrefaction forced him to stop. In some cases, he drove for several hours each way and remained the entire night.[133] In Utah, he applied makeup to Melissa Smith's lifeless face, and he repeatedly washed Laura Aime's hair. "If you've got time," he told Hagmaier, "they can be anything you want them to be."[121] He decapitated approximately twelve of his victims with a hacksaw,[38][247] and kept at least one group of severed heads—probably the four later found on Taylor Mountain (Rancourt, Parks, Ball and Healy)—in his apartment for a period of time before disposing of them.[248]

Less than 15 hours before the scheduled July 2 execution, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals stayed it indefinitely and remanded the Chi Omega case for review on multiple technicalities—including Bundy's mental competency to stand trial, and an erroneous instruction by the trial judge during the penalty phase requiring the jury to break a 6–6 tie between life imprisonment and the death penalty[249]—that, ultimately, were never resolved.[250] A new date (November 18, 1986) was then set to carry out the Leach sentence; the Eleventh Circuit Court issued a stay on November 17.[251] In mid-1988 the Eleventh Circuit ruled against Bundy, and in December the Supreme Court denied a motion to review the ruling. Within hours of that final denial a firm execution date of January 24, 1989 was announced.[252] Bundy's journey through the appeals courts had been unusually rapid for a capital murder case: "Contrary to popular belief, the courts moved Bundy as fast as they could ... Even the prosecutors acknowledged that Bundy's lawyers never employed delaying tactics. Though people everywhere seethed at the apparent delay in executing the archdemon, Ted Bundy was actually on the fast track."[253]

With all appeal avenues exhausted and no further motivation to deny his crimes, Bundy agreed to speak frankly with investigators. To Keppel, he confessed to all eight of the Washington and Oregon homicides for which he was the prime suspect. He described three additional previously unknown victims in Washington and two in Oregon whom he declined to identify (if indeed he ever knew their identities).[254] He said he left a fifth corpse—Donna Manson's—on Taylor Mountain,[255] but incinerated her head in Kloepfer's fireplace. ("Of all the things I did to [Kloepfer]," he told Keppel, "this is probably the one she is least likely to forgive me for. Poor Liz.")[256]

He described in detail his abduction of Georgann Hawkins from the brightly lit UW alley—how he lured her to his car, clubbed and handcuffed her, drove her to Issaquah and strangled her,[257] spent the entire night with her body, and revisited her corpse on three later occasions.[258] He also admitted, for the first time, that he returned to the UW alley the morning after Hawkins's abduction and murder. There, in the very midst of a major crime scene investigation, he located and gathered Hawkins's earrings and one of her shoes, where he had left them in the adjoining parking lot, and departed, unobserved. "It was a feat so brazen," wrote Keppel, "that it astonishes police even today."[259]

"He described the Issaquah crime scene [where the bones of Ott, Naslund, and Hawkins were found], and it was almost like he was just there", Keppel said. "Like he was seeing everything. He was infatuated with the idea because he spent so much time there. He is just totally consumed with murder all the time."[260] Nelson's impressions were similar: "It was the absolute misogyny of his crimes that stunned me," she wrote, "his manifest rage against women. HeTed Bundy X

Hagmaier was present during Bundy's final interviews with investigators. On the eve of his execution, he talked of suicide. "He did not want to give the state the satisfaction of watching him die", Hagmaier said.[213] Ted Bundy died in the Raiford electric chair at 7:16 a.m. EST on January 24, 1989; he was 42 years old. Hundreds of revelers—including 20 off-duty police officers, by one account[271]—sang, danced and set off fireworks in a pasture across the street from the prison as the execution was carried out,[272][273] then cheered loudly as the white hearse containing Bundy's corpse departed the prison.[274] His remains were cremated in Gainesville,[275] and the ashes scattered at an undisclosed location in the Cascade Range of Washington State, in accordance with his will.

Modus operandi and victim profiles

Bundy was an unusually organized and calculating criminal who used his extensive knowledge of law enforcement methodologies to elude identification and capture for years.[277] His crime scenes were distributed over large geographic areas; his victim count had risen to at least 20 before it became clear that numerous investigators in widely disparate jurisdictions were hunting the same man.[278] His assault methods of choice were blunt trauma and strangulation, two relatively silent techniques that could be accomplished with common household items.[279] He deliberately avoided firearms due to the noise they made and the ballistic evidence they left behind.[280] He was a "meticulous researcher" who explored his surroundings in minute detail, looking for safe sites to seize and dispose of victims.[281] He was unusually skilled at minimizing physical evidence.[66] His fingerprints were never found at a crime scene, nor any other incontrovertible evidence of his guilt, a fact he repeated often during the years in which he attempted to maintain his innocence.

Other significant obstacles for law enforcement were Bundy's generic, essentially anonymous physical features,[283] and a curious chameleon-like ability to change his appearance almost at will.[284] Early on, police complained of the futility of showing his photograph to witnesses; he looked different in virtually every photo ever taken of him.[285] In person, "his expression would so change his whole appearance that there were moments that you weren't even sure you were looking at the same peron", said Stewart Hanson, Jr., the judge in the DaRonch trial. "He [was] really a changeling."[286] Bundy was well aware of this unusual quality and he exploited it, using subtle modifications of facial hair or hairstyle to significantly alter his appearance as necessary.[287] He concealed his one distinctive identifying mark, a dark mole on his neck, with turtleneck shirts and sweaters.[288] Even his Volkswagen Beetle proved difficult to pin down; its color was variously described by witnesses as metallic or non-metallic, tan or bronze, light brown or dark brown.[289]

Bundy's modus operandi evolved in organization and sophistication over time, as is typical of serial murderers, according to FBI experts.[38] Early on, it consisted of forcible late-night entry followed by a violent attack with a blunt weapon on a sleeping victim. Some victims were sexually assaulted with inert objects; all except Healy were left as they lay, unconscious or dead.[290] As his methodology evolved Bundy became progressively more organized in his choice of victims and crime scenes. He would employ various ruses designed to lure his victim to the vicinity of his vehicle where he had pre-positioned a weapon, usually a crowbar. In many cases he wore a plaster cast on one leg or a sling on one arm, and sometimes hobbled on crutches, then requested assistance in carrying something to his vehicle. Bundy was regarded as handsome and charismatic by many of his victims, traits he exploited to win their confidence.[94][291][292] "Ted lured females", Michaud wrote, "the way a lifeless silk flower can dupe a honey bee."[293] Once near or inside his vehicle the victim would be overpowered, bludgeoned, and restrained with handcuffs. Most were sexually assaulted and strangled, either at the primary crime scene or (more commonly) after transport to a pre-selected secondary site, often a considerable distance away.[294] In situations where his looks and charm were not useful, he invoked authority by identifying himself as a police officer or firefighter. Toward the end of his spree, in Florida, perhaps under the stress of being a fugitive, he regressed to indiscriminate attacks on sleeping victims.[38]

At secondary sites he would remove and later burn the victim's clothing,[295] or in at least one case (Cunningham's) deposit them in a Goodwill Industries collection bin.[296] Bundy explained that the clothing removal was ritualistic, but also a practical matter, as it minimized the chance of leaving trace evidence at the crime scene that could implicate him.[295] (A manufacturing error in fibers from his own clothing, ironically, provided a crucial incriminating link to Kimberly Leach.)[297] He often revisited his secondary crime scenes to engage in acts of necrophilia,[298] and to groom or dress up the cadavers.[299] Some victims were found wearing articles of clothing they had never worn, or nail polish that family members had never seen.[300] He took Polaroid photos of many of his victims. "When you work hard to do something right," he told Hagmaier, "you don't want to forget it."[121] Consumption of large quantities of alcohol was an "essential component", he told Keppel, and later Michaud; he needed to be "extremely drunk" while on the prowl[301][302] in order to "significantly diminish" his inhibitions and to "sedate" the "dominant personality" that he feared might prevent his inner "entity" from acting on his impulses.[303]

All of Bundy's known victims were white females, most of middle-class backgrounds. Almost all were between the ages of 15 and 25 and most were college students. He apparently never approached anyone he might have met before.[277] (In their last conversation before his execution, Bundy told Kloepfer he had purposely stayed away from her "when he felt the power of his sickness building in him.")[304] Rule noted that most of the identified victims had long straight hair, parted in the middle—like Stephanie Brooks, the woman who rejected him, and to whom he later became engaged and then rejected in return. Rule speculated that Bundy's animosity toward his first girlfriend triggered his protracted rampage and caused him to target victims who resembled her.[305] Bundy dismissed this hypothesis: "[T]hey ... just fit the general criteria of being young and attractive", he told Hugh Aynesworth. "Too many people have bought this crap that all the girls were similar ... [but] almost everything was dissimilar ... physically, they were almost all different."[306] He did concede that youth and beauty were "absolutely indispensable criteria" in his choice of victims.[307]

After Bundy's execution, Ann Rule was surprised and troubled to hear from numerous "sensitive, intelligent, kind young women", who wrote or called to say they were deeply depressed because Bundy was dead. Many had corresponded with him, "each believing that she was his only one". Several said they suffered nervous breakdowns when he died. "Even in death, Ted damaged women," Rule wrote. "To get well, they must realize that they were conned by the master conman. They are grieving for a shadow man that never existed."

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Dyatlov Pass incident I


The Dyatlov Pass incident (Russian: Гибель тургруппы Дятлова) refers to the mysterious, unsolved deaths of nine ski hikers in the northern Ural Mountains on February 2, 1959. The area in which the incident took place was named Dyatlov Pass in honor of the group's leader, Igor Dyatlov.

Native name Гибель тургруппы Дятлова
Date February 2, 1959
Venue Dyatlov Pass
Location Kholat Syakhl, Northern Urals, RSFSR, Soviet Union
Coordinates 61°45′17″N 59°27′46″E
Type Multiple deaths
Cause Undetermined
Participants Ski hikers from Ural Polytechnical Institute
Outcome Area closed for three years
Deaths Nine dead from
hypothermia and physical trauma

The experienced trekking group, who were all from the Ural Polytechnical Institute, had established a camp on the slopes of Kholat Syakhl when disaster struck. During the night, something caused them to tear their way out of their tents and to flee the campsite while inadequately dressed during a heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperature.

Soviet Union investigators determined that six victims died from hypothermia and that the three others showed signs of physical trauma. One victim had a fractured skull; another had brain damage but no sign of an injured skull. Additionally, the tongue and eyes of a team member were missing. The investigation concluded that an "unknown compelling force" had caused the deaths. Several explanations have been put forward as to the cause of the deaths. They include an animal attack, hypothermia, an avalanche, infrasound-induced panic, military involvement, or some combination of these.

Access to the region was closed to expeditions and hikers for three years after the incident.

A group was formed for a ski trek across the northern Urals in Sverdlovsk Oblast. The original group, led by Igor Dyatlov, consisted of eight men and two women. Most were students or graduates of Ural Polytechnical Institute (Уральский политехнический институт, УПИ), now Ural Federal University:

Igor Alekseievich Dyatlov (Игорь Алексеевич Дятлов), the group's leader, born January 13, 1936 (aged 23)
Yuri Nikolaievich Doroshenko (Юрий Николаевич Дорошенко), born January 29, 1938 (aged 21)
Lyudmila Alexandrovna Dubinina (Людмила Александровна Дубинина), born May 12, 1938 (aged 20)
Yuri (Georgiy) Alexeievich Krivonischenko (Юрий (Георгий) Алексеевич Кривонищенко), born February 7, 1935 (aged 23)
Alexander Sergeievich Kolevatov (Александр Сергеевич Колеватов), born November 16, 1934 (aged 24)
Zinaida Alekseevna Kolmogorova (Зинаида Алексеевна Колмогорова), born January 12, 1937 (aged 22)
Rustem Vladimirovich Slobodin (Рустем Владимирович Слободин), born January 11, 1936 (aged 23)
Nicolai Vladimirovich Thibeaux-Brignolles (Николай Владимирович Тибо-Бриньоль), born July 8, 1935 (aged 23)
Semyon (Alexander) Alekseevich Zolotaryov (Семён (Александр) Алексеевич Золотарёв), born February 2, 1921 (aged 38)
Yuri Yefimovich Yudin (Юрий Ефимович Юдин), born July 19, 1937, died April 27, 2013 (aged 75)[1]
The goal of the expedition was to reach Otorten (Отортен), a mountain 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the site of the incident. This route, in February, was estimated as Category III, the most difficult. All members were experienced in long ski tours and mountain expeditions.

The group arrived by train at Ivdel (Ивдель), a city at the center of the northern province of Sverdlovsk Oblast on January 25. They then took a truck to Vizhai (Вижай) – the last inhabited settlement so far north. They started their march toward Otorten from Vizhai on January 27. The next day, one of the members, Yuri Yudin, was forced to go back due to illness.[2] The remaining group of nine people continued the trek.

Diaries and cameras found around their last campsite made it possible to track the group's route up to the day preceding the incident. On January 31, the group arrived at the edge of a highland area and began to prepare for climbing. In a wooded valley they cached surplus food and equipment that would be used for the trip back. The following day (February 1), the hikers started to move through the pass. It seems they planned to get over the pass and make camp for the next night on the opposite side, but because of worsening weather conditions – snowstorms and decreasing visibility – they lost their direction and deviated west, up towards the top of Kholat Syakhl. When they realized their mistake, the group decided to stop and set up camp there on the slope of the mountain, rather than moving 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) downhill to a forested area which would have offered some shelter from the elements.[2] Yudin postulated that "Dyatlov probably did not want to lose the altitude they had gained, or he decided to practice camping on the mountain slope."

Dyaltov Pass incident II

Before leaving, Dyatlov had agreed he would send a ******** to their sports club as soon as the group returned to Vizhai. It was expected that this would happen no later than February 12, but Dyatlov had told Yudin, before his departure from the group, that he expected to be longer. When the 12th passed and no messages had been received, there was no immediate reaction, as delays of a few days were common with such expeditions. It was not until the relatives of the travelers demanded a rescue operation on February 20 that the head of the institute sent the first rescue groups, consisting of volunteer students and teachers.[2] Later, the army and militsiya forces became involved, with planes and helicopters being ordered to join the rescue operation.

On February 26, the searchers found the group's abandoned and badly damaged tent on Kholat Syakhl. The campsite baffled the search party. Mikhail Sharavin, the student who found the tent, said "the tent was half torn down and covered with snow. It was empty, and all the group's belongings and shoes had been left behind."[2] Investigators said the tent had been cut open from inside. Eight or nine sets of footprints, left by people who were wearing only socks, a single shoe or were even barefoot, could be followed, leading down toward the edge of a nearby woods, on the opposite side of the pass, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the north-east. However, after 500 metres (1,600 ft) these tracks were covered with snow. At the forest's edge, under a large cedar, the searchers found the visible remains of a small fire, along with the first two bodies, those of Krivonischenko and Doroshenko, shoeless and dressed only in their underwear. The branches on the tree were broken up to five metres high, suggesting that one of the skiers had climbed up to look for something, perhaps the camp. Between the cedar and the camp the searchers found three more corpses: Dyatlov, Kolmogorova and Slobodin, who seemed to have died in poses suggesting that they were attempting to return to the tent.[2] They were found separately at distances of 300, 480 and 630 metres from the tree.

Searching for the remaining four travelers took more than two months. They were finally found on May 4 under four metres of snow in a ravine 75 metres farther into the woods from the cedar tree. These four were better dressed than the others, and there were signs that those who had died first had apparently relinquished their clothes to the others. Zolotaryov was wearing Dubinina's faux fur coat and hat, while Dubinina's foot was wrapped in a piece of Krivonishenko's wool pants.

A legal inquest started immediately after finding the first five bodies. A medical examination found no injuries which might have led to their deaths, and it was eventually concluded that they had all died of hypothermia. Slobodin had a small crack in his skull, but it was not thought to be a fatal wound.

An examination of the four bodies which were found in May shifted the narrative as to what had occurred during the incident. Three of the ski hikers had fatal injuries: Thibeaux-Brignolles[citation needed] had major skull damage, and both Dubinina and Zolotaryov had major chest fractures. According to Dr. Boris Vozrozhdenny, the force required to cause such damage would have been extremely high, comparing it to the force of a car crash. Notably, the bodies had no external wounds related to the bone fractures, as if they had been subjected to a high level of pressure. However, major external injuries were found on Dubinina, who was missing her tongue, eyes, part of the lips, as well as facial tissue and a fragment of skullbone;[3] she also had extensive skin maceration on the hands. It was claimed that Dubinina was found lying face down in a small stream that ran under the snow and that her external injuries were in line with putrefaction in a wet environment, and were unlikely to be related to her death.

There was initial speculation that the indigenous Mansi people might have attacked and murdered the group for encroaching upon their lands, but investigation indicated that the nature of their deaths did not support this hypothesis; the hikers' footprints alone were visible, and they showed no sign of hand-to-hand struggle.[2]

Although the temperature was very low, around −25 to −30 °C (−13 to −22 °F) with a storm blowing, the dead were only partially dressed. Some of them had only one shoe, while others had no shoes or wore only socks.[2] Some were found wrapped in snips of ripped clothes that seemed to have been cut from those who were already dead.

Journalists reporting on the available parts of the inquest files claim that it states:

Six of the group members died of hypothermia and three of fatal injuries.
There were no indications of other people nearby on Kholat Syakhl apart from the nine travelers.
The tent had been ripped open from within.
The victims had died 6 to 8 hours after their last meal.
Traces from the camp showed that all group members left the campsite of their own accord, on foot.
To dispel the theory of an attack by the indigenous Mansi people, Dr. Boris Vozrozhdenny stated that the fatal injuries of the three bodies could not have been caused by another human being, "because the force of the blows had been too strong and no soft tissue had been damaged".[2]
Released documents contained no information about the condition of the skiers' internal organs.
There were no survivors of the incident.
At the time the verdict was that the group members all died because of a compelling natural force.[4] The inquest officially ceased in May 1959 as a result of the absence of a guilty party. The files were sent to a secret archive, and the photocopies of the case became available only in the 1990s, although some parts were missing.